The Internet is named after the Internet Protocol, the standard communications protocol used by every computer on the Internet. The Internet can powerfully leverage your ability to find, manage, and share information. Never before in human history has such a valuable resource been available to so many people at such little cost. You are incredibly lucky.
The main Internet applications are described in the chapters accessible through the home page, while this chapter describes the underlying Internet network itself. The following sections provide more information:
Internet History
Internet History -- One-Page Summary
Vannevar Bush and Memex
Norbert Wiener Invents Cybernetics
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference
DARPA/ARPA -- Defense / Advanced Research Project Agency
J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network
Marshall McLuhan Foresees The Global Village
Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching
UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL) & Donald Davies
IPTO -- Information Processing Techniques Office
Leonard Kleinrock Helps Build The ARPANET
Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program
IMP -- Interface Message Processor
ARPANET -- The First Internet
NCP -- Network Control Program
Robert Kahn -- TCP/IP Co-Designer
Vinton Cerf -- TCP/IP Co-Designer
TCP/IP Internet Protocol
CSNET -- Computer Science Network
NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network
EUnet -- European Network
How The Internet Works
Internet Management
ISOC -- Internet Society
IAB -- Internet Architecture Board
IETF -- Internet Engineering Task Force
IRTF -- Internet Research Task Force
ICANN -- Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers
IANA -- Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
NSI -- Network Solutions
Accredited Domain Name Registrars
NSF -- National Science Foundation
Internet Architecture
Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses
Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS History
Domain Names
Domain Name Servers
Domain Name Aliases
More DNS Information
Packet Switching
Packet Switching History
How Packets Work
How Switching Works
Internet Routing
Internet Routers
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Unix Operating System
Unix History
C Programming Language History
Unix Wars
Linux History
More Unix Information
Ethernet Networking
Internet Use
Internet Use
World Wide Web Use
Usenet Newsgroups Use
Email Use
Mailing List Use
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Use
Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) Use
Advanced Internet Use
Netiquette (Internet Etiquette)
Netiquette Basics
Netiquette Of Sending
Netiquette Of Replying
Netiquette Of Confidentiality
More Netiquette Information
Internet Request For Comments (RFC's)
RFC History
How To Use RFC's
Internet Protocol RFC's
Internet Official Protocol Standards RFC's
Entertaining RFC's
Interesting RFC's
RFC's By Email
Related RFC References
Internet Tools & Resources
Internet Network Topology
WHOIS Database
Ping Command
Traceroute Command
NSLOOKUP Command
Internet Traffic Statistics
Text On The Internet
Adding Emphasis To Text
Emoticons & Smileys
Text Abbreviations
Text Actions
ASCII Art
Internet Legends & Myths
Internet Coke Machine
The Modem Tax
Internet Toaster
Neiman-Marcus Cookie Recipe
Craig Shergold's Postcards
Jessica Chain Email Hoax
Cruise Control In The Rain
Internet Hackers, Crackers, Hacking
Richard Stallman
John Draper
Mark Abene
Kevin Mitnick
Kevin Poulsen
Vladimir Levin
Hacker Sites
How To Get An Internet Domain
The Future Of The Internet
Key Internet Features
Geographic Distribution
Robust Internet Architecture
Internet At Near Light Speed
Universal Internet Access
Internet Growth Rates
The Internet's Digital Advantage
Internet Freedom Of Speech
Internet Security
Internet Confidentiality & Privacy
Internet Anonymizers
How Anonymizers Work
Anonymizer Use
Anonymizer Limitations
Anonymizer Sites & Services
Internet Remailers
Internet Encryption
Public Key Cryptography (PKC)
PKC History
How PKC Works
More PKC Information
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Digital Signatures
Key Recovery Systems
Internet Viruses
Boot & Program Viruses
Script & Macro Viruses
Internet Worms
Virus Protection
Virus Hoaxes
More Virus Information
Password Selection
Internet Security Resources
Internet Help
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
FAQ History
FAQ Archives
Create Your Own FAQ
Internet Terminology
Starting Over
Internet Connection & Disconnection
Cancel An Operation
More Internet Information
Internet Organizations
Internet Web Sites
Internet History Sites
Internet Newsgroups
Internet Mailing Lists
The Jargon File
Internet Statistics
Other Internet References
Living Internet Site Notation.
more : http://www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm
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Saturday, August 9, 2008
Friday, August 1, 2008
How RAM Works
Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order.
In this article, you'll learn all about what RAM is, what kind you should buy and how to install it.
Dynamic RAM
Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information -- a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits). The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state.
A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitor's bucket is that it has a leak. In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either the CPU or the memory controller has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge. To do this, the memory controller reads the memory and then writes it right back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per second.
The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order.
In this article, you'll learn all about what RAM is, what kind you should buy and how to install it.
Dynamic RAM
Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information -- a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits). The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state.
A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitor's bucket is that it has a leak. In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either the CPU or the memory controller has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge. To do this, the memory controller reads the memory and then writes it right back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per second.
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
Hard Drive & Storage
Storage Review
StorageReview.com attempts to address a topic that seems sadly neglected in the online community: hard disk and storage-related performance. No, they're not glamorous. No, we can't come up with loads of interesting screen shots and pictures (hard drives tend to look very similar to one another after a while). Hard drive performance is, however, vital to the overall performance of your PC.
The Whole Drive Guide
Advice for the gigabyte-addicted: How to upgrade to today's best and biggest--or keep your current hard disks running smoothly.
SCSI Planet Hard Drive Comparisons
Comparison of 150+ SCSI hard drives with a link directly to the manufacturers information and datasheets. You'll also find plenty of other SCSI info here.
Maxtor Interactive Jumper Guide
Well, obviously, they haven't made it any easier for the user since the most popular search words these days seem to be "Maxtor jumper settings". What is it about these guys not putting the simple little diagram on the drive?
ISA Multi-input/output Controller Cards Support
Can't find jumper settings for those old controller cards laying around? You might check here. I love Gigagon Data Corp's motto...striving to eliminate the nightmares of zero-support products.
Hard Drive Technology and Data Recovery
Excellent article "Data Removal and Erasure From Hard Drives" Also info on history, design, controllers, interfaces, Explained well from Data Recovery Labs.
Western Digital Drive Parameters
(including obsolete)
The BIOS IDE Harddisk Limitations
This article targets at these PCs that have a system BIOS dated from 1992 to 1998 which can limit the usable capacity of your new drive.
Quick Guide to a Win98 Fresh Start fdisk and reformat
This is a very simple, but adequate guide for starting fresh in Win98. Fdisk seems to needlessly puts the scare in us. If you have formatted your drive without fdisk...then you haven't done a real format at all.
SCSI Info Central
Gary Fields gives you the latest SCSI FAQ, SCSI Game Rules and other SCSI related stuff. The FAQ has a very nice layout. You almost forget it is a white paper. This guy knows his SCSI.
PC-Disk; Hard Drive Database
Incredible resource! A little confusing at first on picking model #'s, but dig a little further & you will be pleasantly surprised. "Big" hard disk database with over 5.000 disks, jumper settings and layouts! It passed my torture test w/ flying colors. Old, new, network, SCSI, etc.
Dan Kegel's Fast Hard Drives Page
It seems that the most important consideration in a disk drive is its rotation speed. 4500 to 5400 are no longer common speeds....
Ontrack Jumper Viewer
A graphical, interactive Java applet for quickly finding jumper settings for IDE/ATA hard drives. This viewer is similar to the one in Ontrack's Disk Manager hard drive installation utilities. But with the online version, you always have access to their most current database of hard drives.
The Red Hill Guide to Hard Drives
A real decent run down on hard drives, manufacturers, performance, SCSI, etc. with comparisons.
Zip & Jaz Drive Click Death
Find out more about a set of serious data threatening problems being encountered with increasing frequency among users of Iomega's Zip and Jaz removable media mass storage systems. Download the FREE 55Kb "Trouble In Paradise" by Steve Gibson and see if that is your problem. Make sure and check out the rest of his site here.
SCSI Troubleshooting Guide
Troubleshooting SCSI connections. Scroll down the page.
Hard Disk Partitioning: Why and How
Hard Disk Partitioning, Why and How (for MS-DOS/Windows PCs) by Stan Brown.
Hard Drive Specifications and Jumper Settings
Full specs & jumper settings for the following Maxtor & Seagate drives. The (#) is how many of that drive type. Maxtor PCMCIA (7) SCSI (36)Seagate IDE/AT (90) IPI (24) MFM (24) RLL (12) SCSI (90) SMD (18)
Enhanced IDE FAQ & Utilities
The Enhanced IDE FAQ is an attempt to answer the most common questions concerning EIDE hard disks, CD-ROMs, tapes, interfaces and setup.
source : http://hardwarehell.com
StorageReview.com attempts to address a topic that seems sadly neglected in the online community: hard disk and storage-related performance. No, they're not glamorous. No, we can't come up with loads of interesting screen shots and pictures (hard drives tend to look very similar to one another after a while). Hard drive performance is, however, vital to the overall performance of your PC.
The Whole Drive Guide
Advice for the gigabyte-addicted: How to upgrade to today's best and biggest--or keep your current hard disks running smoothly.
SCSI Planet Hard Drive Comparisons
Comparison of 150+ SCSI hard drives with a link directly to the manufacturers information and datasheets. You'll also find plenty of other SCSI info here.
Maxtor Interactive Jumper Guide
Well, obviously, they haven't made it any easier for the user since the most popular search words these days seem to be "Maxtor jumper settings". What is it about these guys not putting the simple little diagram on the drive?
ISA Multi-input/output Controller Cards Support
Can't find jumper settings for those old controller cards laying around? You might check here. I love Gigagon Data Corp's motto...striving to eliminate the nightmares of zero-support products.
Hard Drive Technology and Data Recovery
Excellent article "Data Removal and Erasure From Hard Drives" Also info on history, design, controllers, interfaces, Explained well from Data Recovery Labs.
Western Digital Drive Parameters
(including obsolete)
The BIOS IDE Harddisk Limitations
This article targets at these PCs that have a system BIOS dated from 1992 to 1998 which can limit the usable capacity of your new drive.
Quick Guide to a Win98 Fresh Start fdisk and reformat
This is a very simple, but adequate guide for starting fresh in Win98. Fdisk seems to needlessly puts the scare in us. If you have formatted your drive without fdisk...then you haven't done a real format at all.
SCSI Info Central
Gary Fields gives you the latest SCSI FAQ, SCSI Game Rules and other SCSI related stuff. The FAQ has a very nice layout. You almost forget it is a white paper. This guy knows his SCSI.
PC-Disk; Hard Drive Database
Incredible resource! A little confusing at first on picking model #'s, but dig a little further & you will be pleasantly surprised. "Big" hard disk database with over 5.000 disks, jumper settings and layouts! It passed my torture test w/ flying colors. Old, new, network, SCSI, etc.
Dan Kegel's Fast Hard Drives Page
It seems that the most important consideration in a disk drive is its rotation speed. 4500 to 5400 are no longer common speeds....
Ontrack Jumper Viewer
A graphical, interactive Java applet for quickly finding jumper settings for IDE/ATA hard drives. This viewer is similar to the one in Ontrack's Disk Manager hard drive installation utilities. But with the online version, you always have access to their most current database of hard drives.
The Red Hill Guide to Hard Drives
A real decent run down on hard drives, manufacturers, performance, SCSI, etc. with comparisons.
Zip & Jaz Drive Click Death
Find out more about a set of serious data threatening problems being encountered with increasing frequency among users of Iomega's Zip and Jaz removable media mass storage systems. Download the FREE 55Kb "Trouble In Paradise" by Steve Gibson and see if that is your problem. Make sure and check out the rest of his site here.
SCSI Troubleshooting Guide
Troubleshooting SCSI connections. Scroll down the page.
Hard Disk Partitioning: Why and How
Hard Disk Partitioning, Why and How (for MS-DOS/Windows PCs) by Stan Brown.
Hard Drive Specifications and Jumper Settings
Full specs & jumper settings for the following Maxtor & Seagate drives. The (#) is how many of that drive type. Maxtor PCMCIA (7) SCSI (36)Seagate IDE/AT (90) IPI (24) MFM (24) RLL (12) SCSI (90) SMD (18)
Enhanced IDE FAQ & Utilities
The Enhanced IDE FAQ is an attempt to answer the most common questions concerning EIDE hard disks, CD-ROMs, tapes, interfaces and setup.
source : http://hardwarehell.com
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